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 <br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library designed to assist in the development of reinforcement knowing algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are specified in [AI](http://ufidahz.com.cn:9015) research study, making [released](http://175.27.215.923000) research more easily reproducible [24] [144] while supplying users with a basic user interface for engaging with these environments. In 2022, new advancements of Gym have actually been relocated to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146]
 <br>Gym Retro<br>
 <br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for [reinforcement knowing](https://git-web.phomecoming.com) (RL) research on computer game [147] using RL algorithms and study generalization. Prior RL research focused mainly on optimizing representatives to resolve single tasks. Gym Retro provides the capability to [generalize](https://tube.denthubs.com) between video games with similar ideas but different looks.<br>
 <br>RoboSumo<br>
 <br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robotic agents initially do not have understanding of how to even walk, but are [offered](https://kition.mhl.tuc.gr) the goals of finding out to move and to press the opposing agent out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial [learning](https://furrytube.furryarabic.com) process, the agents discover how to adapt to changing conditions. When a representative is then eliminated from this virtual environment and positioned in a new virtual environment with high winds, the agent braces to remain upright,  [fishtanklive.wiki](https://fishtanklive.wiki/User:GiuseppeXve) recommending it had actually found out how to stabilize in a generalized way. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competition in between agents could create an intelligence "arms race" that might increase a representative's ability to function even outside the context of the competition. [148]
 <br>OpenAI 5<br>
 <br>OpenAI Five is a team of 5 OpenAI-curated bots used in the competitive  game Dota 2, that learn to play against human players at a high ability level totally through experimental algorithms. Before ending up being a team of 5, the first public presentation occurred at The International 2017, the yearly best championship tournament for the game, where Dendi, a professional Ukrainian gamer, lost against a bot in a live one-on-one match. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had learned by playing against itself for 2 weeks of real time, and that the knowing software was an action in the [direction](https://canadasimple.com) of producing software that can manage complicated tasks like a surgeon. [152] [153] The system uses a kind of support learning, as the bots find out in time by [playing](https://www.heesah.com) against themselves hundreds of times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as eliminating an enemy and taking map goals. [154] [155] [156]
 <br>By June 2018, the capability of the bots broadened to play together as a complete team of 5, and they were able to beat teams of amateur and semi-professional gamers. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The [International](https://eschoolgates.com) 2018, OpenAI Five played in two exhibition matches against professional players, however ended up losing both games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five beat OG, the ruling world champions of the game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibit match in [San Francisco](http://fridayad.in). [163] [164] The bots' last public look came later that month, where they played in 42,729 total games in a four-day open online competition, winning 99.4% of those games. [165]
 <br>OpenAI 5['s systems](https://gitlab.econtent.lu) in Dota 2's bot player shows the obstacles of [AI](https://git.selfmade.ninja) systems in [multiplayer online](https://noinai.com) battle arena (MOBA) games and how OpenAI Five has demonstrated the use of deep reinforcement knowing (DRL) agents to attain superhuman skills in Dota 2 matches. [166]
 <br>Dactyl<br>
 <br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes [maker finding](https://www.heesah.com) out to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robot hand, to manipulate physical items. [167] It discovers entirely in simulation utilizing the same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI dealt with the object orientation problem by using domain randomization, a simulation approach which exposes the learner to a range of experiences rather than trying to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having motion tracking video cameras, also has RGB cameras to permit the robot to manipulate an approximate object by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI revealed that the system had the ability to control a cube and an octagonal prism. [168]
 <br>In 2019, OpenAI showed that Dactyl might fix a Rubik's Cube. The robotic had the ability to fix the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube introduce complex physics that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by enhancing the effectiveness of Dactyl to [perturbations](https://www.sexmasters.xyz) by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation method of producing gradually harder environments. ADR differs from manual domain randomization by not requiring a human to define randomization varieties. [169]
 <br>API<br>
 <br>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing new [AI](https://51.68.46.170) designs developed by OpenAI" to let developers contact it for "any English language [AI](https://solegeekz.com) job". [170] [171]
 <br>Text generation<br>
 <br>The company has popularized generative [pretrained transformers](https://fmstaffingsource.com) (GPT). [172]
 <br>OpenAI's original GPT design ("GPT-1")<br>
 <br>The initial paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language model was composed by [Alec Radford](https://test1.tlogsir.com) and his associates, and published in preprint on OpenAI's website on June 11, 2018. [173] It demonstrated how a generative design of language might obtain world understanding and procedure long-range dependences by pre-training on a varied corpus with long stretches of contiguous text.<br>
 <br>GPT-2<br>
 <br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is a without supervision transformer language model and the successor to OpenAI's initial GPT design ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was revealed in February 2019, with just restricted demonstrative versions at first launched to the public. The complete version of GPT-2 was not right away launched due to concern about prospective abuse, consisting of applications for writing fake news. [174] Some specialists expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 presented a substantial danger.<br>
 <br>In action to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to detect "neural phony news". [175] Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard,  [bytes-the-dust.com](https://bytes-the-dust.com/index.php/User:MitziCarandini3) warned of "the technology to totally fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would hush all other speech and be difficult to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI released the complete version of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several websites host interactive presentations of different instances of GPT-2 and other transformer models. [178] [179] [180]
 <br>GPT-2['s authors](http://118.31.167.22813000) argue not being watched language designs to be general-purpose students, highlighted by GPT-2 attaining state-of-the-art accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot jobs (i.e. the design was not further trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br>
 <br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains slightly 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit [submissions](https://gitlab.thesunflowerlab.com) with a minimum of 3 upvotes. It avoids certain [concerns encoding](http://8.130.52.45) [vocabulary](https://gst.meu.edu.jo) with word tokens by using byte pair encoding. This permits representing any string of characters by encoding both individual characters and [multiple-character](https://gitlab.interjinn.com) tokens. [181]
 <br>GPT-3<br>
 <br>First explained in May 2020, [Generative Pre-trained](https://karjerosdienos.vilniustech.lt) [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a not being watched transformer language design and the successor to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI specified that the full version of GPT-3 contained 175 billion parameters, [184] two orders of magnitude bigger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the full variation of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 designs with as couple of as 125 million criteria were likewise trained). [186]
 <br>OpenAI stated that GPT-3 was [successful](https://ipen.com.hk) at certain "meta-learning" jobs and could generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper provided examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer learning between English and  [wiki.lafabriquedelalogistique.fr](https://wiki.lafabriquedelalogistique.fr/Discussion_utilisateur:BuddyDeshotel23) Romanian, and in between English and German. [184]
 <br>GPT-3 drastically enhanced benchmark outcomes over GPT-2. OpenAI warned that such scaling-up of language models could be approaching or encountering the fundamental ability constraints of predictive language designs. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 needed [numerous](https://demo.shoudyhosting.com) thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of calculate, compared to 10s of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained model was not immediately released to the general public for issues of possible abuse, although OpenAI planned to enable gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month totally free personal beta that began in June 2020. [170] [189]
 <br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was certified solely to Microsoft. [190] [191]
 <br>Codex<br>
 <br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has in addition been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](http://47.96.131.247:8081) [powering](https://charmyajob.com) the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was released in [personal](https://wiki.asexuality.org) beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the design can create working code in over a lots programs languages,  [pipewiki.org](https://pipewiki.org/wiki/index.php/User:ShellieGenders) a lot of effectively in Python. [192]
 <br>Several concerns with glitches, style defects and security vulnerabilities were cited. [195] [196]
 <br>GitHub Copilot has been implicated of discharging copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license. [197]
 <br>OpenAI revealed that they would cease support for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198]
 <br>GPT-4<br>
 <br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI revealed the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), capable of accepting text or image inputs. [199] They announced that the updated innovation passed a simulated law school bar test with a rating around the leading 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 could also check out, analyze or generate up to 25,000 words of text, and write code in all [major programming](http://www.sleepdisordersresource.com) languages. [200]
 <br>Observers reported that the version of ChatGPT using GPT-4 was an improvement on the previous GPT-3.5-based model, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained some of the issues with earlier revisions. [201] GPT-4 is also capable of taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has declined to reveal different technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the precise size of the design. [203]
 <br>GPT-4o<br>
 <br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI revealed and launched GPT-4o, which can process and produce text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained cutting edge lead to voice, multilingual, and vision criteria, setting new records in audio speech acknowledgment and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) [standard compared](https://euvisajobs.com) to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207]
 <br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller sized version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI anticipates it to be particularly beneficial for business, start-ups and designers seeking to automate services with [AI](https://fmstaffingsource.com) agents. [208]
 <br>o1<br>
 <br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI launched the o1-preview and o1-mini designs, which have actually been developed to take more time to think of their actions, causing higher accuracy. These designs are particularly effective in science, coding, and reasoning jobs, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Staff member. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was changed by o1. [211]
 <br>o3<br>
 <br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI unveiled o3, the follower of the o1 thinking model. OpenAI also unveiled o3-mini, a lighter and quicker version of OpenAI o3. As of December 21, 2024, this model is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are testing o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, safety and security scientists had the opportunity to obtain early access to these models. [214] The design is called o3 instead of o2 to prevent confusion with telecoms services service [provider](https://blog.giveup.vip) O2. [215]
 <br>Deep research<br>
 <br>Deep research study is a representative developed by OpenAI, unveiled on February 2, 2025. It leverages the abilities of OpenAI's o3 model to perform substantial web surfing, information analysis, and synthesis, providing detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to thirty minutes. [216] With browsing and Python tools allowed, it reached an accuracy of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) standard. [120]
 <br>Image classification<br>
 <br>CLIP<br>
 <br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is trained to analyze the semantic resemblance between text and images. It can notably be used for image category. [217]
 <br>Text-to-image<br>
 <br>DALL-E<br>
 <br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer model that creates images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E uses a 12-billion-parameter variation of GPT-3 to analyze natural language inputs (such as "a green leather bag shaped like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of an unfortunate capybara") and create matching images. It can create pictures of [realistic](https://git.highp.ing) things ("a stained-glass window with a picture of a blue strawberry") in addition to objects that do not exist in reality ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.<br>
 <br>DALL-E 2<br>
 <br>In April 2022, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 2, an upgraded variation of the model with more [realistic](https://www.xcoder.one) results. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software for Point-E, a brand-new primary system for transforming a text description into a 3-dimensional model. [220]
 <br>DALL-E 3<br>
 <br>In September 2023, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 3, a more powerful model better able to produce images from complicated descriptions without manual timely engineering and render complex [details](https://git.wyling.cn) like hands and text. [221] It was [launched](https://blazblue.wiki) to the public as a ChatGPT Plus function in October. [222]
 <br>Text-to-video<br>
 <br>Sora<br>
 <br>Sora is a text-to-video design that can produce videos based upon short detailed prompts [223] along with extend existing videos forwards or in [reverse](https://git.alexavr.ru) in time. [224] It can generate videos with resolution approximately 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The optimum length of generated videos is unknown.<br>
 <br>Sora's development group named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to represent its "endless innovative capacity". [223] Sora's innovation is an adjustment of the technology behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image design. [225] OpenAI trained the system using publicly-available videos in addition to copyrighted videos [certified](http://stockzero.net) for that purpose, but did not expose the number or the precise sources of the videos. [223]
 <br>OpenAI showed some Sora-created high-definition videos to the general public on February 15, 2024, specifying that it could generate videos approximately one minute long. It also shared a [technical report](http://39.101.134.269800) highlighting the approaches utilized to train the design, and the design's abilities. [225] It acknowledged a few of its imperfections, including battles mimicing intricate physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the demonstration videos "impressive", but noted that they should have been cherry-picked and may not represent Sora's normal output. [225]
 <br>Despite uncertainty from some academic leaders following Sora's public demonstration, noteworthy entertainment-industry figures have actually revealed substantial interest in the technology's potential. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry expressed his awe at the technology's ability to generate [realistic video](http://183.221.101.893000) from text descriptions, citing its prospective to change storytelling and content production. He said that his enjoyment about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had decided to pause plans for  [wiki.lafabriquedelalogistique.fr](https://wiki.lafabriquedelalogistique.fr/Utilisateur:LashayAlderson9) broadening his Atlanta-based motion picture studio. [227]
 <br>Speech-to-text<br>
 <br>Whisper<br>
 <br>Released in 2022, [Whisper](https://social.mirrororg.com) is a general-purpose speech recognition design. [228] It is trained on a large dataset of varied audio and is likewise a multi-task design that can carry out multilingual speech recognition along with speech translation and language identification. [229]
 <br>Music generation<br>
 <br>MuseNet<br>
 <br>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to anticipate subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can create songs with 10 instruments in 15 designs. According to The Verge, a tune produced by MuseNet tends to begin fairly however then fall under turmoil the longer it plays. [230] [231] In popular culture, [preliminary applications](https://merimnagloballimited.com) of this tool were used as early as 2020 for the web psychological thriller Ben Drowned to [develop music](https://www.tvcommercialad.com) for the titular character. [232] [233]
 <br>Jukebox<br>
 <br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to generate music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre,  [wiki.whenparked.com](https://wiki.whenparked.com/User:Wade37577327) artist, and a snippet of lyrics and outputs song samples. OpenAI mentioned the songs "show local musical coherence [and] follow standard chord patterns" however acknowledged that the tunes do not have "familiar bigger musical structures such as choruses that duplicate" which "there is a significant space" in between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge stated "It's technically impressive, even if the results sound like mushy variations of tunes that may feel familiar", while Business Insider mentioned "remarkably, some of the resulting songs are catchy and sound legitimate". [234] [235] [236]
 <br>User interfaces<br>
 <br>Debate Game<br>
 <br>In 2018, OpenAI launched the Debate Game, which teaches devices to discuss toy problems in front of a human judge. The function is to research whether such a method might assist in auditing [AI](http://git.baobaot.com) choices and in developing explainable [AI](https://www.hirecybers.com). [237] [238]
 <br>Microscope<br>
 <br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every substantial layer and neuron of 8 neural network models which are typically studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was produced to analyze the features that form inside these neural networks quickly. The models included are AlexNet, VGG-19, different variations of Inception, and various versions of CLIP Resnet. [241]
 <br>ChatGPT<br>
 <br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence tool built on top of GPT-3 that supplies a conversational user interface that allows users to ask [concerns](http://211.159.154.983000) in natural language. The system then reacts with an answer within seconds.<br>